Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer (Seahorse Bioscience) was used to measure cellular OCR and cellular PER as the manufacturer's protocol as reported 12 (link), 28 (link). Data were analyzed by the Agilent Seahorse XFe24 Wave software. The data of OCR and glycolytic rate measurements were standardized to the cell count. Both OCR and PER were expressed as pmol/min/cells.
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