3D Printed Cement-Based Composites

Portland cement (CEM I 52.5 R according to EN 197-1) was provided by OPTERRA Zement GmbH, Karsdorf, Germany. Very fine quartz sand (BCS 413, 0.06–0.2 mm) provided by Strobel Quarzsand GmbH, Germany and two fine natural river sands (0–1 and 0–2 mm) from Kieswerk Ottendorf-Okrilla GmbH & Co. KG, Laußnitz, Germany complying with EN 12620/13139 [25 (link)] were used as aggregates. Micro silica suspension (50 wt% aqu. Suspension, EM-SAC 500 SE, Elkem), fly ash (class F, Steament H-4, STEAG), and a high range water reducing admixture (Gelnium Master SKY 593, BASF) were also used. The mix proportions are presented in Table 1. Particle size distributions of the aggregates can be referred to in [23 (link)].Table 1

Mix proportion for all 3D printed samples (kg/m³)

Material	Content
Portland cement	378.4
Micro silica suspension	206.4
Fly ash	206.4
Fine sand (0.06–0.2 mm)	316.3
Sand (0–1 mm)	278.0
Sand (0–2 mm)	717.3
Water (w/c = 0.42)	133.7
Water reducing admixture	10.32

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Bran-Anleu P., Wangler T., Nerella V.N., Mechtcherine V., Trtik P, & Flatt R.J. (2023). Using micro-XRF to characterize chloride ingress through cold joints in 3D printed concrete. Materials and Structures, 56(3), 51.

Publication 2023

Cement Fly ash Quartz River Silica

Corresponding Organization :

Other organizations : Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ETH Zurich, TU Dresden, Paul Scherrer Institute

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Variable analysis

independent variables

Mix proportion of materials (Portland cement, micro silica suspension, fly ash, fine sand, sand, water, water reducing admixture)

dependent variables

Not explicitly mentioned

control variables

Portland cement (CEM I 52.5 R according to EN 197-1) provided by OPTERRA Zement GmbH, Karsdorf, Germany
Very fine quartz sand (BCS 413, 0.06–0.2 mm) provided by Strobel Quarzsand GmbH, Germany
Two fine natural river sands (0–1 and 0–2 mm) from Kieswerk Ottendorf-Okrilla GmbH & Co. KG, Laußnitz, Germany complying with EN 12620/13139
Micro silica suspension (50 wt% aqu. Suspension, EM-SAC 500 SE, Elkem)
Fly ash (class F, Steament H-4, STEAG)
High range water reducing admixture (Gelnium Master SKY 593, BASF)

positive controls

Not explicitly mentioned

negative controls

Not explicitly mentioned

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