All serum samples obtained from the control group participants and the patients were appropriately stored at −80 °C until assayed after separation from clotted blood by centrifugation for 10 min at 1200× g in 4 °C. MCP-1, activin-A, and clusterin concentrations were measured using commercially available sandwich ELISA kits (MCP-1: DCP00; activin-A: DAC00B; clusterin: DCLU00; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). The tests were performed according to the manufacturer’s recommended protocols.
The participants’ lipid profiles (total serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride, creatinine levels, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)) were also determined using an automated analyzer (ADVIA® 2400 Chemistry System, Siemens, Athens, Greece). Epidemiological and clinical data including the age, duration of diabetes, glucose control expressed as HbA1c concentrations, and severity of obesity, were documented using the patients’ medical records. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the revised bedside Schwartz formula, as indicated by the kidney disease improving global outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines [22 (link)].
The participants’ lipid profiles (total serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride, creatinine levels, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)) were also determined using an automated analyzer (ADVIA® 2400 Chemistry System, Siemens, Athens, Greece). Epidemiological and clinical data including the age, duration of diabetes, glucose control expressed as HbA1c concentrations, and severity of obesity, were documented using the patients’ medical records. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the revised bedside Schwartz formula, as indicated by the kidney disease improving global outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines [22 (link)].
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