Ripe B. lanceolatum adults were collected by dredging in Argelès-sur-Mer, France, and retrieved from the sand by sieving. Animals were transported, quarantined and maintained in Villefranche-sur-Mer as previously described (Carvalho et al., 2017b (link)). Spawning was induced by a 36-h thermal shock at 23°C (Fuentes et al., 2004 (link)). Sperm and oocytes were collected separately and fertilization was performed in vitro. B. lanceolatum embryos and larvae were raised in the dark at constant temperatures (16°C, 19°C, or 22°C) until the desired developmental stages, and larvae were fed daily with Tisochrysis lutea algae (Carvalho et al., 2017b (link)).
Adult B. floridae were collected in Tampa Bay, FL, United States. Animals were maintained in the laboratory as previously described (Zhang et al., 2007 (link); Yong et al., 2019 (link)). Gametes were obtained either by electric stimulation, heat shock, or spontaneous spawning (Holland and Yu, 2004 (link); Ono et al., 2018 (link)). Embryos and larvae were cultured at constant temperatures (25°C or 30°C) until the desired stages, and larvae were fed daily with Isochrysis sp. algae.
Adult B. belcheri and B. japonicum were collected in Kinmen Island near Xiamen in southeastern China (Zhang et al., 2013 (link)). Animals were maintained as previously described (Zhang et al., 2007 (link); Yong et al., 2019 (link)). Embryos were obtained through spontaneous spawning in the facility (Zhang et al., 2007 (link)). Embryos and larvae were cultured at a constant temperature (24°C for B. belcheri and 25°C for B. japonicum) until the desired stages, and larvae were fed daily with Isochrysis sp. algae.
Asymmetron lucayanum adults were collected in the lagoon between North and South Bimini, Bahamas. Embryos and larvae were obtained and subsequently cultured at a constant temperature (27°C) as previously described (Holland and Holland, 2010 (link)).
Adult B. floridae were collected in Tampa Bay, FL, United States. Animals were maintained in the laboratory as previously described (Zhang et al., 2007 (link); Yong et al., 2019 (link)). Gametes were obtained either by electric stimulation, heat shock, or spontaneous spawning (Holland and Yu, 2004 (link); Ono et al., 2018 (link)). Embryos and larvae were cultured at constant temperatures (25°C or 30°C) until the desired stages, and larvae were fed daily with Isochrysis sp. algae.
Adult B. belcheri and B. japonicum were collected in Kinmen Island near Xiamen in southeastern China (Zhang et al., 2013 (link)). Animals were maintained as previously described (Zhang et al., 2007 (link); Yong et al., 2019 (link)). Embryos were obtained through spontaneous spawning in the facility (Zhang et al., 2007 (link)). Embryos and larvae were cultured at a constant temperature (24°C for B. belcheri and 25°C for B. japonicum) until the desired stages, and larvae were fed daily with Isochrysis sp. algae.
Asymmetron lucayanum adults were collected in the lagoon between North and South Bimini, Bahamas. Embryos and larvae were obtained and subsequently cultured at a constant temperature (27°C) as previously described (Holland and Holland, 2010 (link)).
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