GC cell lines (AGS, NCI-N87, MKN1, MKN45, and SNU638) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection or Korean Cell line Bank. The normal gastric epithelial cell line, HFE145 was generated by Drs. Duane T Smoot and Hassan Ashktorab [26 (link)]. Cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's essential medium (DMEM) or RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Cells were incubated at 37°C in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2. VP (#1711461) was purchased from U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention (Rockville, MD, USA).
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