β-glucan exposure on C. albicans cells was quantified by flow cytometry27 (link),28 . Briefly, exponential cells were incubated for 5 h under the conditions specified and then fixed with 50 mM thimerosal (Sigma-Aldrich, Dorset, UK). The cells were then stained with Fc-Dectin-1 and anti-human IgG conjugated to Alexafluor 488 (Invitrogen), and the fluorescence of 10,000 events acquired using a BD Fortessa flow cytometer. The gating strategy and axis scales, which remained unchanged throughout, are presented in Supplementary Fig. 4. Median fluorescence intensities (MFI) were determined using FlowJo v.10 software. Each cytometry plot is representative of at least three independent biological replicates.
To examine chitin levels in C. albicans, thimerosal-fixed cells were stained for 60 min in the dark with 10 µg mL−1 CFW (Sigma-Aldrich, Dorset, UK). These cells were imaged by fluorescence microscopy (above) and their fluorescence was quantified by flow cytometry without further staining (above: Supplementary Fig. 4).
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