Urine samples were collected in the morning after fasting overnight. UpH was measured using a Urisys 2400 analyzer (Roche, Mannheim, Germany). The measured values were categorized into 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, and 9.0. Based on previous studies, the samples were classified as <5.5 and ≥5.5 [18 (link),19 (link)].
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