Naïve Tregs were isolated as described previously [12 (link)]. Human CD4+ T cells were stained with cyanine 5–anti-CD4, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)–anti-CD25, and phycoerythrin (PE)–anti-CD45RA. The stained Tregs were sorted on the basis of the CD4+CD25+CD45RA+ T-cell phenotypic markers using a fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) machine (FACSAria III high-speed cell sorter, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) and were incubated in OpTmizer CTS T-cell Expansion SFM (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Rockford, IL, USA) containing 2% heat-inactivated human serum (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).