The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is a validated tool to assess psychosocial status, which has been validated in Karnataka as well (23 (link)), and social support was measured using the 12- item validated questionnaire (24 (link)). For anthropometry of the women, weight was measured using a Tanita weighing scale and height using the SECA 213 Portable Stadiometer, Hamburg. The anthropometry of the infants was measured at birth and 14 weeks; weight using a SECA 354 Weighing Scale, Hamburg; and length using SECA 417 Infantometer, Hamburg.