ACS/HPLC reagent-grade acetonitrile, methanol, and water were procured from Honeywell (Morristown, NJ, USA). HPLC-grade dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and formic acid (FA) were procured from Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan) and Dae-Jung Chemicals and Metals Co., Ltd. (Siheung, Republic of Korea). Buspirone (BUS), dextromethorphan (DEX), diclofenac (DIC), and alpelisib (IS) were procured from MedKoo Bioscience, Inc. (Morrisville, NC, USA). Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2), β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2′-phosphate reduced tetrasodium salt hydrate (NADPH), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400), and potassium phosphate buffer were procured from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sprague Dawley (SD) rat liver S9 fraction was procured from Sekisui Xenotech (Kansas City, KS, USA). SD rats (Male; nine-week-old; weighing range: 250–270 g) were supplied by Koatech Co. (Pyeongtaek, Republic of Korea). The SD rats were used for pharmacokinetic studies after an acclimation period of 7 days. Feeding, excluding water, was restricted for 12 h before starting the pharmacokinetics study. All animal studies were conducted with approval from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Pusan National University (approval number: PNU-2023-3245).
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