Isolated total RNA was reverse transcribed to complementary DNA (cDNA) using the High Capacity cDNA Archive kit. The cDNA sample was subsequently mixed with Universal PCR Master mix (2x) and Taqman® Gene Expression Assays. Four target growth factor genes including bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2, Taqman Assay ID: Rn00567818_m1), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1, Rn00572010_m1), platelet-derived growth factor-A (PDGF-A, Rn00709363_m1), and fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1, Rn00563362_m1), as well as two osteogenic differentiation marker genes, including ALP (Rn00564931_m1) and osteocalcin (OC), were assessed for relative gene expression level profiles. Pre-developed 18s ribosomal RNA was used as an endogenous control gene. The oligonucleotide primer and Taqman probe sequences for OC were 5’ GGCTTCCAGGACGCCTACA 3’ (forward primer), 5’ GGGCAACACATGCCCTAAAC 3’ (reverse primer), and 5’ CGCATCTATGGCACCAC 3’ (probe). Real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed on an ABI Prism 7000 sequence detector (Applied Biosystems). The thermal conditions for the PCR were 2 min at 50°C, 10 min at 95°C, and 50 cycles of 15 s at 95°C and 1 min at 60°C. The relative gene expression level of genes of interest (fold change) was first normalized to the mean of 18s control gene data in each group. The TCPS Min group was chosen as a calibrator and fold change was calculated by ΔΔCt method using the mean of the calibrator data. Mean of fold changes compared to the calibrator group (The TCPS Min group) and standard deviations are reported (n=3).