Cell RALDH1 activity was determined by using the ALDEFLUOR staining kit (STEMCELL Technologies Inc.) (5 (link)). Briefly, cells were resuspended at 106 cells/ml in ALDEFLUOR assay buffer, containing activated ALDEFLUOR substrate with or without the inhibitor DEAB, and incubated at 37°C for 30 min. ALDEFLUOR-reactive cells were detected in the FITC channel.