Arecoline, SB431542 (a specific inhibitor of the TGF-β type I receptor), and collagen solution from bovine skin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Arecoline stimulation was applied for the induction of myofibroblast transdifferentiation [2 (link)] and a collagen solution was used for collagen gel contraction analysis.
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