The culture of Pg was performed as previously described [20 (link)]. Briefly, Pg (strain W83) was cultured in brain heart infusion medium (HuanKai Microbial, China) supplemented with 1% yeast extract (OXOID, UK), 0.001% menadione (Sigma, USA) and 0.5% hemin (Solarbio, China) at 37 °C for two days in an anaerobic atmosphere in use of an AnaeroPack (C-1; MGC, Tokyo, Japan). Then, the bacteria were harvested, centrifuged, and washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The number of Pg was estimated by measurement of the optical density at 600 nm (OD600).
Live Pg was suspended in a total of 1.0 × 109 colony-forming units (CFU) in 0.1 mL PBS with 2% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (Solarbio). This suspension was supplied to each mouse by oral gavage three times a week for 1 month, or oral administration every other day for 6 weeks. The control group was administered 0.1 mL PBS with 2% CMC without Pg.
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