Participants were asked to fast and refrain from smoking for 12 hours prior to the examination and to avoid vigorous physical activity the morning of the visit. Height was measured to the nearest centimeter and body weight to the nearest 0.1 kg. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. After a 5-minute rest period, 3 seated blood pressure measurements were obtained with an automatic sphygmomanometer; the second and third readings were averaged. Blood samples, including plasma glucose (fasting and after a 2-hour oral glucose load) were collected according to standardized protocols. Total serum cholesterol was measured using a cholesterol oxidase enzymatic method and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol with a direct magnesium/dextran sulfate method. Plasma glucose was measured using a hexokinase enzymatic method (Roche Diagnostics). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was calculated using the Friedewald equation.17 (link) Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was measured using a Tosoh G7 Automated HPLC Analyzer (Tosoh Bioscience).
Information was obtained by questionnaires on demographic factors, SES (education and income), acculturation (including years of residence in the United States, generational status, and language preference), cigarette smoking, physical activity (moderate/heavy intensity work and leisure activities in a typical week), and medical history. Participants were instructed to bring all prescription and nonprescription medications taken in the past month. Dietary intake was ascertained by two 24-hour dietary recalls administered 6 weeks apart. A diet score was calculated by assigning participants a score of 1 to 5 according to sex-specific quintile of daily intake of saturated fatty acids, potassium, calcium, and fiber (with 5 the most favorable quintile). The 4 scores were summed and the highest 40 percentile considered a healthier diet.18 (link)
Information was obtained by questionnaires on demographic factors, SES (education and income), acculturation (including years of residence in the United States, generational status, and language preference), cigarette smoking, physical activity (moderate/heavy intensity work and leisure activities in a typical week), and medical history. Participants were instructed to bring all prescription and nonprescription medications taken in the past month. Dietary intake was ascertained by two 24-hour dietary recalls administered 6 weeks apart. A diet score was calculated by assigning participants a score of 1 to 5 according to sex-specific quintile of daily intake of saturated fatty acids, potassium, calcium, and fiber (with 5 the most favorable quintile). The 4 scores were summed and the highest 40 percentile considered a healthier diet.18 (link)
