The CCSS cohort consists of previously untreated patients diagnosed prior to 21 years of age with leukemia, lymphoma, central nervous system cancer, neuroblastoma, bone or soft tissue sarcoma, or kidney cancer, who survived for at least five years after the date of diagnosis. Survivors were diagnosed between January 1, 1970 and December 31, 1986 at one of 26 participating institutions. The study design, cohort characteristics and outcomes ascertained are presented in detail elsewhere [12 (link)–14 (link)]. The CCSS was approved by the Institutional Review Board at each participating institution, and informed consent for participation was obtained from all subjects who were 18 or more years of age, or their parents, if the subject was less than 18 years of age.