Human reference RNA samples were prepared in the same format used by the SEQC/MAQC-III Consortium and ABRF Initiative using ERCC spike-ins (Jiang et al. 2011 (link); Li et al. 2014 (link); SEQC/MAQC-III Consortium 2014 (link)). Briefly, Sample A was prepared by doping 50 µL of Universal Human Reference RNA at 1 µg/µL (Agilent) with 1 µL of ERCC ExFold Mix 1 (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and Sample B was prepared by doping 50 µL of Human Brain Reference RNA at 1 µg/µL (Life Technologies) with 1 µL ERCC ExFold Mix 2. Samples A and B were then mixed in 3:1 or 1:3 ratios to constitute Samples C and D, respectively. Each sample was evaluated for integrity by using an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (RNA 6000 Nano Chip Total Eukaryote RNA Assay, RIN ≥8.2) and then aliquoted and stored at −80°C.