LSPs and CPPs were fixed in 4% PFA for 30 min, cytospun onto glass slide, washed with PBS, fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde (GTA) for 1 h, washed extensively with 0.1 mol/L sodium cacodylate buffer (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA), dehydrated in ethanol series and dried at RT, sputter coated using a high-resolution sputter coater (Ted Pella, Inc., Redding, CA) with a thin film of gold at 13.3 Pa and 45 mA for 90 s. The images were collected with Hitachi S4700 microscope (28 (link)). To estimate damaged PLTs in CPPs, 7 large-field images were collected, and percentages of damaged PLTs with rough, porous membranes and grape-like structures were counted.