Live and dead cell images were obtained using a Live/Dead® Cell Imaging kit (488/570; R37601; Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Hydrolyzes the cell membrane permeable compounds that convert to the fluorescent anion calcein, thus detecting live cells. The dead cells were detected using ethidium homodimer (EthD-1) that stains the dead cells, which are impermeable to the dye, due to a compromised cell membrane. Images were obtained using a confocal laser scanning microscope (LSM 700; Carl Zeiss Microscopy Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).
Free full text: Click here