Phytochemical Analysis of Medicinal Plants

All solvents, reagents, and standards were of analytical reagent grade. Acetone, methanol, acetonitrile, hydrochloric acid, 4-(Dimethylamino) cinnamaldehyde and reference standarts for β-Amyrin, maslinic acid, oleanolic acid, corosolic acid, ursolic acid, α-Amyrin, quercetin-3-rhamnoside, myricetin, quercetin-3-α-L-arabinopyranoside and quercetin-3-α-L-arabinofuranoside were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Ethanol 96% (v/v) was purchased from AB Stumbras (Kaunas, Lithuania), formic acid was bought from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), and Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) was purchased from Scharlau (Sentmenat, Spain). Reference standards for myricetin-3-galactoside, cyanidin chloride, peonidin chloride, malvidin-3-galactoside, malvidin-3-arabinoside, malvidin chloride, peonidin-3-arabinoside, cyaniding-3-galactoside, delphinidin-3-galactoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-galactoside, cyaniding-3-glucoside and cyaniding-3-arabinoside were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Standards for quercetin and quercetin-3-galactoside were purchased from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). The standard for quercetin-3-O-glucoside was bought from Biochemistry (Buchs, Switzerland). Purified deionized water was provided using a water purification system (Milli-Q^®, Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).