Bacterial cultures were grown to mid-log phase in THB. 5 ml of OD600=0.4 culture was spun down and resuspended in 500 μl H2O. Serial dilutions of bacterial suspension were plated to confirm equivalent cfu. 400 μl of the bacterial suspension was placed in a 2 ml screw cap tube with 1 ml chloroform. Tubes were shaken for 5 min in a mini-beadbeater-8 (Biospec Products), then spun at ~13,000 x g for 10 min. Hyaluronic acid in aqueous phase was determined using a Hyaluronic Acid Test Kit (Corgenix) per manufacturer’s instructions.