One of the primary
disadvantages of biofuels is that the availability
of raw material to procure oils for production of biodiesel is nullified
using waste products, which are easily and freely available in nature.
This segment explains the production and mixing process of biodiesel–diesel
blends with nanoparticles to form a hybrid and superior fuel. The
EC plant was made available from local ponds near the New Delhi area,
as depicted inFigure 3 . Furthermore, chemicals such as methanol (99%), KOH (96%), and phenolphthalein
indicator were readily available from the chemical laboratory of Al-Falah
University. An ultrasonic system was also used to mix all chemicals
thoroughly as the yield conversion was substantially low using conventional
methods. Nanoadditives used in the study were received in the powdered
form from Khari-bali, New Delhi.
The process begins with cutting down and collecting
EC plants from
the nearest pond. The EC leaves and stem are separated from each other.
The stems are further shredded to required limits, while leaves are
discarded. The shredded stems are then heated in a furnace at temperatures
above 80 °C. The stems are treated with available chemicals such
as potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid for biofuel production. Although
plants have lower free fatty acids (FFAs), a titration method is employed
to validate the results. Roughly 50 g of EC oil was poured into a
glass along with chemical additions such as propanol and a color indicator.
The glass was further placed under a KOH solution where the solution
was added until the final purple color persists even on shaking. The
ultimate FFA was generated. The ultimate reaction mixture comprised
biodiesel and glycerin, which separated into two distinct deposits.
The proportions of acid and oil were kept at a persistent ratio of
acid/oil = 20/200(w/w), whereas methanol was maintained at a ratio
of 200 g/400 mL.
As discussed above, the shortcomings of biodiesel
application in
diesel engines can be addressed by mixing nanoadditives with biodiesel–diesel
blends, which provide superior performance parameters. It has already
been established through a literature survey that mixing nanoparticles
enable a larger surface area with a potential drop in viscosity and
density levels. Normally, nanoadditives and biodiesel cannot be mixed
directly with each other. It requires a chemical catalyst and an energy-imparting
process for effective mixing. This is furnished by mixing Surfactant
30 as the catalyst, while an ultrasonic horn provides the necessary
energy addition to the reaction for boosting the intermixing capability.
Metal-based particles are primarily transformed into nanofluids, which
are easily miscible with biodiesels. Initially, the nanoadditives
are weighed and combined with normal water to form nanofluids. The
mixture is then positioned under an ultrasonic reactor at 90–100
kHz for 20 min. The size of nanoparticles applied in this investigation
is around 30 nm. The colorless nanofluid is also further combined
with biodiesel. The EC blend for the ultimate proportion of aluminum
nanoadditive biodiesel (ABD) and zinc nanoadditive biodiesel (ZBD)
contained 93% biodiesel, 4% nanofluid, and 3% surfactant volume basis.40 (link)
disadvantages of biofuels is that the availability
of raw material to procure oils for production of biodiesel is nullified
using waste products, which are easily and freely available in nature.
This segment explains the production and mixing process of biodiesel–diesel
blends with nanoparticles to form a hybrid and superior fuel. The
EC plant was made available from local ponds near the New Delhi area,
as depicted in
indicator were readily available from the chemical laboratory of Al-Falah
University. An ultrasonic system was also used to mix all chemicals
thoroughly as the yield conversion was substantially low using conventional
methods. Nanoadditives used in the study were received in the powdered
form from Khari-bali, New Delhi.
The process begins with cutting down and collecting
EC plants from
the nearest pond. The EC leaves and stem are separated from each other.
The stems are further shredded to required limits, while leaves are
discarded. The shredded stems are then heated in a furnace at temperatures
above 80 °C. The stems are treated with available chemicals such
as potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid for biofuel production. Although
plants have lower free fatty acids (FFAs), a titration method is employed
to validate the results. Roughly 50 g of EC oil was poured into a
glass along with chemical additions such as propanol and a color indicator.
The glass was further placed under a KOH solution where the solution
was added until the final purple color persists even on shaking. The
ultimate FFA was generated. The ultimate reaction mixture comprised
biodiesel and glycerin, which separated into two distinct deposits.
The proportions of acid and oil were kept at a persistent ratio of
acid/oil = 20/200(w/w), whereas methanol was maintained at a ratio
of 200 g/400 mL.
As discussed above, the shortcomings of biodiesel
application in
diesel engines can be addressed by mixing nanoadditives with biodiesel–diesel
blends, which provide superior performance parameters. It has already
been established through a literature survey that mixing nanoparticles
enable a larger surface area with a potential drop in viscosity and
density levels. Normally, nanoadditives and biodiesel cannot be mixed
directly with each other. It requires a chemical catalyst and an energy-imparting
process for effective mixing. This is furnished by mixing Surfactant
30 as the catalyst, while an ultrasonic horn provides the necessary
energy addition to the reaction for boosting the intermixing capability.
Metal-based particles are primarily transformed into nanofluids, which
are easily miscible with biodiesels. Initially, the nanoadditives
are weighed and combined with normal water to form nanofluids. The
mixture is then positioned under an ultrasonic reactor at 90–100
kHz for 20 min. The size of nanoparticles applied in this investigation
is around 30 nm. The colorless nanofluid is also further combined
with biodiesel. The EC blend for the ultimate proportion of aluminum
nanoadditive biodiesel (ABD) and zinc nanoadditive biodiesel (ZBD)
contained 93% biodiesel, 4% nanofluid, and 3% surfactant volume basis.40 (link)
