AD severity was evaluate clinically using SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) (31 (link)). Skin barrier integrity was quantified using transepidermal water loss (TEWL) as measured on lesional skin using the DermaLab TEWL probe (Cortex Technology, Hadsund, Denmark). Skin barrier dysfunction was quantified by expression of filaggrin (FLG) from lesional keratinocytes normalized to the expression of the 18S rRNA, as described previously (2 (link), 32 (link)).