AAV vectors (5μl, titers at 1.0 x 1012) or cholera toxin β subunit conjugated fluorescein isothiocyanate (CTB-FITC) (5μl of 0.2%, Sigma, Saint Louis, MO, USA) were injected intravitreally using 5-μl Hamilton syringe (Hamilton, Bonaduz, Switzerland) [21 (link)]. Briefly, the needle was inserted in peripheral retina, just behind the ora serrata, and was carefully angled and located to avoid unexpected damage. Rats with cataract, retinal detachment, or vitreous hemorrhage were excluded from this study.
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