Male C57Bl/6J mice (Jackson Laboratory) aged 10–18 weeks were used for the CNI treatment studies as well as controls in all experiments. Male FK12Tie2 KO mice were generated as described previously and were used between the ages of 10–18 weeks.8 (link) All mice were maintained on a 12:12 light/dark cycle and had access to standard chow ad libitum. Tail-cuff systolic blood pressures (IITC, Inc.) were measured at baseline and on day 7 of daily treatment with CSA (50 mg/kg/day, i.p.; Alamone, Isreal), TAC (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.; LC Laboratories) or diluent (saline and DMSO, 0.2% final concentration) as described previously.8 (link), 20 (link), 21 (link) Mice were trained for this procedure for 3 days prior to baseline measurements. Some mice were given daily i.p. injections of RA (300 ug/mouse/day; Sigma). Other control, CSA-treated, TAC-treated, and FK12Tie2 KO mice were given i.p. injections of either an IL-17 neutralizing antibody (100 ug/mouse; R&D Systems) or the isotype control (100 ug/mouse; R&D Systems) on days 1, 4, and 7. Animals were anesthetized on day 8 with isoflurane and euthanized by cervical dislocation. All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees in accordance with the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.