AGS cells treated at different pH (6.5 and 7.4) were seeded on coverslips and grown to reach 50% confluence. They were then infected with mRFP-GFP-LC3 adenoviruses (HanBio, shanghai) according to the manufacturer’s guidelines. The medium was replaced with different pH medium after 24 h. Cells were then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. The fixed cells were treated with 5% BSA for 30 min and stained with DAPI (Solarbio, Tongzhou Dist. Beijing) for 6 min. The coverslips were then observed by laser confocal microscopy (×189 magnification), as described previously (25 (link)). We counted the number of mRFP-GFP-LC3 puncta in three independent visual fields and analyzed the results using Image J software.