Rats were injected with meloxicam 2 mg/kg s.c. (Metacam; Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, St. Joseph, MO), anesthetized with 2.5% isoflurane in oxygen, and the incision site infiltrated with 0.25% bupivacaine (Marcaine; Hospira, Lake Forest, IL). Adrenal glands were then located through bilateral incisions in the abdominal wall, their capsules incised, and the medullae excised3 (link),44 (link),62 (link); the fascia and skin were then sutured separately. Rats were provided with 0.45% saline to drink (ad libitum) for the first 7 days after surgery and received an additional injection of meloxicam 24 hours after surgery. To allow for maximum recovery of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function, adrenal medullectomy was performed at least 5 weeks before additional experimental procedures.62 (link)