All participants were assessed for demographic data (age, gendar, height, and weight), pain duration, CSI, health-related quality of life (QOL), pain intensity, and pain interference. CSI-J consists of Parts A and B. Part A consists of a 25-item self-report questionnaire designed to assess health-related symptoms that are common to CSS. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale, with total scores ranging from 0 to 100. Part B (which is not scored) asks the participants whether one or more specific disorders, including seven separate CSSs, have been diagnosed previously (restless leg syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, temporomandibular joint disorder, migraine or tension headaches, irritable bowel syndrome, multiple chemical sensitivities, neck injury (including whiplash], anxiety or panic attacks, and depression).
Health-related QOL was measured using the EuroQol 5-dimension (EQ-5D) instrument [39 (link)]. EQ-5D was developed as a non-disease specific standardized instrument, which could be used to complement existing health-related QOL measure [40 (link), 41 (link)]. It comprises five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has three grades (no problems, some problems, and extreme problems), which generates a single index value for each health state. These values are numbers on a scale where 1 refers to full health and 0 refers to death.
Pain intensity and interference were measured using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) [42 (link), 43 (link)]. BPI comprises four pain intensity and seven pain interference items. These items are rated using a scale of 0–10, where 0 = no pain and 10 = worst possible pain. Based on the values obtained, individual pain intensity and interference scores were evaluated by calculating the mean. The validation and clinical utility of BPI has been evaluated for several disorders [44 (link)–46 (link)].
Health-related QOL was measured using the EuroQol 5-dimension (EQ-5D) instrument [39 (link)]. EQ-5D was developed as a non-disease specific standardized instrument, which could be used to complement existing health-related QOL measure [40 (link), 41 (link)]. It comprises five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has three grades (no problems, some problems, and extreme problems), which generates a single index value for each health state. These values are numbers on a scale where 1 refers to full health and 0 refers to death.
Pain intensity and interference were measured using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) [42 (link), 43 (link)]. BPI comprises four pain intensity and seven pain interference items. These items are rated using a scale of 0–10, where 0 = no pain and 10 = worst possible pain. Based on the values obtained, individual pain intensity and interference scores were evaluated by calculating the mean. The validation and clinical utility of BPI has been evaluated for several disorders [44 (link)–46 (link)].
Free full text: Click here
