The mitochondrial membrane potential was measured by flow cytometry using Rho123 (Sigma) staining, as described previously (Wang et al., 2014 (link)). Briefly, the cells were incubated with Rho123 (0.5 μg/mL) at 37°C for 25 min and then were harvested and washed twice with PBS, and a total of 10,000 events per sample was measured by a flow cytometer. The fluorescent signal intensity was analyzed with BD CellQuest Pro software.
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