(+)MA hydrochloride was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and dissolved in tap water for drinking studies or in sterile 0.9% saline (Baxter Healthcare Corp., Deerfield, IL, USA) for IP injection. Saccharin sodium salt (SACC) and quinine hemisulfate (QUIN) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich and dissolved in tap water for tastant studies. Genomic DNA was extracted from ear punch samples using QuickExtract DNA extraction solution (Qiagen, Valecia, CA, USA) and Taar1 was amplified (forward 5’-ctttctgctgggctgtctga-3’, reverse 5’-caacagcgctcaacagttctc-3’) and genotype determined utilizing a rtPCR assay, based on standard Taqman procedures35 (link) and methods similar to those fully detailed in our previous publications.18 (link),19 (link)