Nilaparvata lugens populations at seven rice research centers were included in the study. The colonies were initiated between 2004 and 2012 using wild caught individuals from rice fields located near each research center. The centers, with corresponding locations and years of planthopper collections, were as follows: (1) Directorate of Rice Research (DRR-India): (2010) Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India; (2) Hi-Bred Private Ltd. (Pioneer-India): (2007) Medak, Andhra Pradesh, India; (3) Andhra Pradesh Rice Research Institute (APRRI-India): (2004) West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, India; (4) Punjab Agricultural University (PAU-India): (2007) Ludhiana, Punjab, India; (5) Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Station (CAES-Taiwan): (2012) Chiayi, Taiwan; (6) Southern Regional Plant Protection Center (SRPPC-Vietnam): (2012) Ling Dinh, Vietnam; (7) International Rice Research Institute (IRRI-Philippines): (2009) Los Baños, Philippines.
We also evaluated resistance against S. furcifera colonies at two East Asian centers: CAES and IRRI. The colonies were initiated with wild-caught individuals collected during the same years and at the same locations as the corresponding N. lugens populations (indicated above). Resistance against a single N. virescens colony, located at IRRI, was also evaluated in the study. The colony was initiated with wild leafhoppers from rice fields in Laguna Province (Philippines) that were collected in 2008.
All colonies (N. lugens, S. furcifera and N. virescens) were initiated with ca. 500 adults placed on the susceptible variety Taichung Native 1 (TN1) (≥30 days after sowing) in wire mesh cages of 120 × 60 × 60 cm (H × W × L) under greenhouse conditions (temperatures ranged from 25 to 45 °C, L12:D12 photoperiod). During the first two generations of rearing, the colonies were carefully monitored to eliminate diseased and virus carrying individuals.
We also evaluated resistance against S. furcifera colonies at two East Asian centers: CAES and IRRI. The colonies were initiated with wild-caught individuals collected during the same years and at the same locations as the corresponding N. lugens populations (indicated above). Resistance against a single N. virescens colony, located at IRRI, was also evaluated in the study. The colony was initiated with wild leafhoppers from rice fields in Laguna Province (Philippines) that were collected in 2008.
All colonies (N. lugens, S. furcifera and N. virescens) were initiated with ca. 500 adults placed on the susceptible variety Taichung Native 1 (TN1) (≥30 days after sowing) in wire mesh cages of 120 × 60 × 60 cm (H × W × L) under greenhouse conditions (temperatures ranged from 25 to 45 °C, L12:D12 photoperiod). During the first two generations of rearing, the colonies were carefully monitored to eliminate diseased and virus carrying individuals.
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