Growth parameters were measured in accordance with an earlier study (Wang et al., 2021 (link)). Shoot height and leaf dimensions were measured using a ruler. Leaf area was calculated in accordance with the following formula:
where L represented leaf length, W was leaf width, and 0.75 was a factor used for maize seedlings that consider leaf shape (Hussain et al., 2019 (link)).
Each whole plant was subdivided into shoots and roots. Roots were cleaned with tap water to remove adherent soil and then dried with absorbent paper. The fresh weight (FW) of the shoots and roots were individually measured using an analytical balance (UQINTIX65-1CN, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany) and were then loaded into sample bags after 2 h of drying in an oven at 105°C. After that, the shoots and roots were dried to a constant weight at 80°C. The dry weight (DW) of each shoot and root was then measured using the analytical balance.
Roots were placed in an acrylic tray (400 × 300 mm) in a 1 cm depth of water. The length, volume, diameter, and surface area of the roots were measured through scanning using a flatbed scanner (1680, Epson, Nagano, Japan) and analysis with the WinRHIZO root analysis software (Pro 2007, Regent Instruments, Québec, Canada).
where L represented leaf length, W was leaf width, and 0.75 was a factor used for maize seedlings that consider leaf shape (Hussain et al., 2019 (link)).
Each whole plant was subdivided into shoots and roots. Roots were cleaned with tap water to remove adherent soil and then dried with absorbent paper. The fresh weight (FW) of the shoots and roots were individually measured using an analytical balance (UQINTIX65-1CN, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany) and were then loaded into sample bags after 2 h of drying in an oven at 105°C. After that, the shoots and roots were dried to a constant weight at 80°C. The dry weight (DW) of each shoot and root was then measured using the analytical balance.
Roots were placed in an acrylic tray (400 × 300 mm) in a 1 cm depth of water. The length, volume, diameter, and surface area of the roots were measured through scanning using a flatbed scanner (1680, Epson, Nagano, Japan) and analysis with the WinRHIZO root analysis software (Pro 2007, Regent Instruments, Québec, Canada).
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