Maternal malaria parasitemia was assessed every 4 weeks throughout pregnancy, beginning at enrollment. The presence of malaria parasites in maternal peripheral blood was evaluated using LAMP kits (Eiken Chemical), as previously described (27 (link), 28 (link)). LAMP assays were batch analyzed at the end of the trial and were not used to inform treatment (asymptomatic parasitemia is not treated per current Ugandan standard of care). Placental tissue was processed for histopathologic evidence of PM, as previously described (27 (link), 29 ), and placental blood and cord blood were tested for the presence of malaria parasites by both LAMP and microscopy.