Experiments were carried out on adult C57 male mice (n = 77) (University of Seville, Spain) weighting 28–35 g. All experimental procedures were carried out in accordance with European Union guidelines (2010/63/CE) and Spanish regulations (RD 53/2013) for the use of laboratory animals in chronic experiments. In addition, these experiments were submitted to and approved by the local Ethics Committee of the Pablo de Olavide University (Seville, Spain). Mice were prepared for simultaneous tES administration and electrophysiological recordings in the lateral (left) or vermis region of the cerebellar cortex in the head-restrained awake animal, following surgical procedures described previously16 . In brief, animals were anesthetized with a ketamine–xylazine mixture (Ketaset, 100 mg/ml, Zoetis, NJ., USA; Rompun, 20 mg/ml, Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany), and a custom-made chlorinated silver ring electrode (2.5 mm inner ø, 3.5 mm outer ø) was placed over the skull centered on left crus I-II (AP = − 6 mm; L = +2 mm; relative to bregma28 ) (Fig. 1a) or on the cerebellar vermis (AP = − 6 mm; L = 0 mm; relative to bregma) and fixed with dental cement (DuraLay, Ill., USA). A 2 mm ø craniotomy was made centered in the ring and exposing the cerebellar cortex. The dura was left intact and protected with wax bone (Ethicon, Johnson & Johnson) until recordings begun. In addition, a silver wire electrode (ø: 381 μm, A-M Systems) was also implanted over the dura surface under the left parietal bone (AP = − 0.9 mm; L = + 3 mm; relative to bregma) as electrical reference for the electrophysiological recordings. Finally, a head-holding system was implanted, consisting of three bolts screwed to the skull and a bolt placed over the skull upside down and perpendicular to the frontal plane to allow for head fixation during the experiments. The holding system was cemented to the skull.