A thermoelectric system used to deliver local cooling has been described in detail previously (43 , 44 (link)). Briefly, a custom-designed Peltier based thermoelectric system and a probe were used to deliver therapeutic hypothermia to the cortical surface. Fluorocarbon (FC-770, 3M Corp.) cooled by the Peltier system was used as the refrigerant and circulated through a semicircular probe made of silicone tubing and two hollow metal cylinders (Figure 1). The hollow copper cylinders which are in contact with the skull, are each 1.6 mm in diameter, 5 mm long and sputter coated with 50 μin (1.27μm) layer of Gold for biocompatibility. The entire probe is designed to serve as a single-use disposable unit. The silicone tubing of the probe is coupled to a peristaltic pump (12V, 5000RPM, adjustable flow rate to 100mL/min) and a custom reservoir attached to air-cooled thermoelectric units (AC-046, TE Technology). The entire system is controlled by a pulse width modulation temperature controller (TE Technology, TC-48–20).