Cells were stained for senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity using a kit from Cell Signaling Technology (#9860) as per the manufacturer’s instructions. Ten images were acquired on a CKX41 Olympus microscope 20× objective for each experimental condition. The percentages of β-galactosidase-positive cells were scored using Image J software. Results are given as means ± S.D. of four independent experiments. The in vivo senescence assay was performed in tumor sections using SenTraGor™, a Sudan Black B analog conjugated with biotin, which reacts with lipofuscin granules that have been shown to accumulate during the senescence process (39 (link)).