Montmorillonite Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation

Commercially available Na-montmorillonite was used (purity 97%; Zhejiang Sanding Group Co. Ltd., China). Sulfuric acid and other chemicals were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. All reagents used in this preparation of Mts are of analytical grade purity and were used without any further purification. Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM), penicillin/streptomycin, and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were obtained from Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA). The 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (H₂DCF-DA), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), p38 MAPK inhibitor, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) inhibitor and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) inhibitor were bought from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dihydroethidium (DHE) came from the Beyotime Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), while fluorescein sodium was obtained from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China).