Immunofluorescence detection of CPAF in chlamydia-infected cells was carried out as described previously 67. In brief, HeLa cell monolayer was infected with Chlamydia trachomatis L2 for 30 h. The monolayer, after it was fixed with paraformaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich) and permeabilized with Saponin (Sigma-Aldrich), was costained with Hoechst 32258 (blue), anti-MOMP antibody MC22 (probed with an FITC-conjugated, mouse IgG3-specific secondary antibody), and anti-CPAFn antibody 54b (probed with a Cy3-conjugated, mouse IgG1-specific secondary antibody). Images were acquired individually for each stain in gray using a Cooker digital camera connected to an AX70 Olympus microscope, and the single-color images were merged in frame into the triple-color image using the software Image Pro.