Comprehensive Immunological Assay Protocol

ELISA, immunoblot, and mRNA analysis were conducted as described [62 (link), 63 (link)]. ELISA kits included IFN-γ (Invitrogen, 88–8314-22), IL-1β (eBioscience, 88,701,388), IL-18 (MBL, D042-3), IL-6 (BioLegend, 431,301), and TNF-α (BioLegend, 430,901). Primary antibodies used in this study include antibodies against ALIX (Cell Signaling, 2171, 1:1000), TSG101 (Genetex, GTX70255; 1:500), GAPDH (Cell Signaling, 2118; 1:1000), CD206/MRC1 (Cell Signaling, 24,595; 1:1000), occludin (ProteinTech, 27,260-1-AP; 1:1000), claudin1 (ProteinTech, 13,050-1-AP; 1:1000), CD81 (ProteinTech, 27,855-1-AP; 1:1000), Cxcl10 (ProteinTech, 10,937-1-AP; 1:1000), Arg1 (ProteinTech, 66,129-1; 1:1000), FMOD (ProteinTech, 60,108-1; 1:500), and MFGE8 (ThermoFisher, PA5-109,955; 1:1000).