Gut tissues were prepared as previously described (15 (link)). Briefly, cleaned gut tissues were deepithelialized in 5 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 15 mM Hepes, and 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) before digestion with 0.5 mg/mL Collagenase Type IV (Sigma Aldrich) and 0.25 mg/mL DNase 1 in HBSS with 2% FBS. Lymphocytes enriched by passing the cell suspension sequentially through 100- and 40-μm strainers. For enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot (EliSPOT) experiments, CD4+ T cells were isolated from mLN using magnetic isolation (CD4 microbeads, Miltentyi Biotech), and dendritic cells were isolated from the spleens of naive SPF C57BL/6 mice (Jackson Laboratories) by magnetic isolation (CD11c microbeads, Miltenyi Biotech) using an AutoMACS instrument (Miltenyi Biotech) following the manufacturer’s instructions.
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