The patients received their usual cardiac medications in the early morning on the day of surgery. Upon arriving OR, the patients were premedicated with midazolam 0.02 mg/kg and fentanyl 1 mcg/kg. A five-lead EKG, pulse oximetry, and noninvasive blood pressure monitoring were initiated. Then, we inserted a catheter into the radial artery under local anesthesia for invasive blood pressure monitoring. General anesthesia induction consisted of fentanyl 5–10 mcg/kg, midazolam 0.2–0.4 mg/kg, and pancuronium 0.1–0.15 mg/kg. Additionally, propofol 0.5–1 mg/kg was administered as appropriate. After intubation, we inserted a right internal jugular multilumen central venous catheter. Maintenance of anesthesia was with sevoflurane 1%–2%, adjusted by clinical conditions and pancuronium as needed.