Mouse pancreas was fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin for sectioning. IHC and IF were performed as previously described33 (link). Antibodies used are listed in Supplementary Table 2.. Some slides, as indicated, also included nuclear staining by DAPI (4’, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole). Ki67 IHC was used to calculate Ki67+ cells against total cell number from >4 views in each mouse. Co-IF of PDX1 and insulin was used to calculate the frequency of PDX1+ cells among insulin+ cells from 3–5 representative islets for each mouse. Co-IF of cleaved caspase-3 (Asp175) and insulin was used to calculate the frequency of apoptotic cells among insulin+ cells from 3–5 representative islets for each mouse. H&E staining was conducted by following the manufacturer’s instructions (ab245880, Abcam). Images were taken using a BZ-X700 microscope (Keyence) and BZ-X viewer software (Keyence, version 1.0.0). Islet area was measured using ImageJ and average islet area was calculated from more than 8 representative islets for each mouse.