Formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded histological tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) [19 (link)] or immunohistochemically stained for macrophages (anti-Iba1; Fujifilm Wako catalog # 013–27691) [20 (link)], CD3+ T cells (anti-CD3, Roche, catalog# 790–4341) [21 (link)], and CD4+ T cells (anti-CD4, Abcam ab183685) [22 (link)], as previously described. Sections were also stained for CD8 (Cell Signaling Technology, #98941 clone D4W2Z, Danvers, MA) at 1:300 dilutions, using the UltraVision LP detection system HRP-DAB kit (Thermo Scientific, TL-015-HD). Cytokines in colonic tissue homogenates were measured using Luminex Bead Technology (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) as previously described [23 (link)]. Note that all quantitive histological analyses were done by a reviewer blinded to animal genotype.