This cross-sectional study was conducted between August 15 and 26, 2018, at the time of Hajj (1439 Hijri), and included all healthcare workers in the ICU departments of King Abdullah Medical City and Al Noor Specialist Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
The participants included physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and respiratory therapists of medical, surgical, coronary care, and neuro-critical care units.
The study was conducted after obtaining the ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board of King Abdullah Medical City.