Seventy-two 4-week-old male and female BALB/C mice (20–22 g) were provided by Liao Ning Chang Sheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., (China), and randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 12): control (PBS), S.T (S.T + PBS), S.T + LD (S.T + 0.5 mg/mL EPSs), S.T + MD (S.T + 1.0 mg/mL EPSs), S.T + HD (S.T + 2.0 mg/mL EPSs) and S.T + P (S.T + 2.0 mg/mL penicillin) (Fig. 1 ). The mice were housed in an air-conditioned animal room with an indoor temperature of 23 ± 1 ℃, 40%–60% relative humidity, and 12 h of light daily. The mice received adequate food and drinking water for one week before the start of the experiment. Mouse body weight data were recorded daily throughout the duration of our experiment. At the time of sacrifice, the mice were anesthetized by diethyl ether inhalation, and blood samples were collected retro orbitally. The mice were sacrificed by the cervical dislocation method, and organs were weighed at sacrifice to calculate organ indices as follows: organ index = fresh weight of organs (g)/body live weight (g) × 100%. The collected blood was allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 min and then centrifuged at 1000 × g for 20 min, and the serum was collected and stored at −80 ℃ for subsequent experiments. Ileal tissues were then rapidly transferred into 10% (v/v) formaldehyde solution to observe changes in the intestinal morphology, and other parts of the tissues were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 ℃ for subsequent experiments.![]()
Experimental design. On the first day of the official experiment, 2×108 CFU/mL S.T solution and an equivalent volume of PBS (control group) were administered orally for 1 d. On the fourth day, the mice in the S.T + LD, S.T + MD, S.T + HD and S.T + P groups were intragastrically administered 0.5 mg/mL EPSs, 1.0 mg/mL EPSs, 2.0 mg/mL EPSs, or 2.0 mg/mL penicillin for 7 d. The mice in the control and S.T groups were administered the same amount of PBS
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