COVID-19 Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep

Three international guidelines for PA, SB and sleep for adults for health were applied for data analysis: (1) achievement of at least 150 min of moderate-intensity aerobic PA or at least 75 min of vigorous-intensity aerobic PA throughout the week [22 ]; (2) engagement in <9 h of SB per day for adults [23 (link)]; (3) score of sleep quality <5 with sleep duration between 7 and 9 h [24 ]. Descriptive information (all and stratified by sex), including participant characteristics, COVID-19 related issues, and participants’ daily behaviors, were summarized and reported as means ± standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range) for continuous variables and as proportions of participants for categorical variables. The normality analysis was applied to all variables. Because VPA, MPA, MVPA, walking, and MET min/week are not a normal distribution, the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test was used to assess the differences between males and females for the above variables. For other variables, independent samples t-tests and Chi-Square tests were used for continuous variables and categorical variables, respectively. The change in participants’ daily behaviors (e.g., PA, SB, and sleep) was determined using paired sample t-tests and shown as means ± SD. All statistical tests were performed using SPSS for Windows, version 24 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).