The following cell lines were purchased from ATCC: human lung cancer cell lines A549, NCI-H1915, NCI-H1568, NCI-H23, NCI-H1048; human breast cancer cell lines HCC38, HCC1428; human pancreatic cancer cell line: MIAPACA-2. The following cell lines were obtained from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia project (30 (link)): human lung cancer cell lines NCI-H2030, NCI-H3122, NCI-H1792, HARA, human acute myeloid leukemia cell line MOLM13. Human breast cancer cell lines T47D and MCF7, and esophageal cancer cell line OE21 were kindly provided by Dr. Adam Bass (Dana-Farber Cancer Institute). All cell lines were grown at 37°C and 5% CO2 and were confirmed to be Mycoplasma negative. Cell lines were cultured in RPMI supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin, except for MCF-7 and MIAPACA-2 cell lines that were maintained in DMEM containing 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin.