HG-induced Renal Tubular Epithelial Injury

Human renal tubular epithelial HK-2 cells and HEK-293T cells were provided by the Cell Bank of Chinese Academy Sciences (Shanghai, China). HK-2 cells were treated with normal glucose (NG, 5.5 mM), high glucose (HG, 30.5 mM) or the osmotic control high mannitol (HM, 5.5 mM glucose and 25 mM mannitol) for 24, 48 or 72 h (22 (link)), which were used for subsequent analysis of HG-induced cell injury. Glucose (G7021) and mannitol (M4125) were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). For 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) or propranolol treatment, cells were treated with AICAR (S1802, Selleck, Houston, TX, USA) at 1 mM or propranolol (S4076, Selleck) at 100 µM.