Pharmacological Reagents and Treatments

Nicotine tartrate (MP Biomedicals, LLC, Solon, OH, USA) was dissolved in 0.9% saline and the pH adjusted to 7.4. Nicotine doses were calculated based on free base weight. NAC (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was dissolved in 27 mg/mL sodium hydroxide in saline to physiological pH immediately before injection. Vivo-morpholinos (Gene Tools, LLC, Philomath, OR, USA) were dissolved in sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS, 10 mM Na₂HPO₄, 2 mM KH₂PO₄, 137 mM NACl, and 2.7 mM KCl) and stored at room temperature. The GLT-1 antisense (i.e., AS) vivo-morpholino sequence is 5’-TGTTGGCACCCTCGGTTGATGCCAT-3’ and the reverse sequence was used as a control (i.e., CTRL; Reissner et al., 2015 (link), 2012 (link)).