To assess osteoblast differentiation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was determined as described previously52 (link). In brief, differentiated osteoblasts were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and incubated with a solution containing 6.5 mM Na2CO3, 18.5 mM NaHCO3, 2 mM MgCl2, and a phosphatase substrate (Sigma, S0942). ALP activity was measured using a spectrophotometer. ALP staining was performed using Fast Blue (Sigma, FBS25) and Naphthol AS-MX (Sigma, 855) after fixation in 10% neutral formalin buffer.63 (link)